Brief Introduction:
In any discussion of phosphorus containing Lubricant Additive , the products that probably come most rapidly to mind are the zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP) — multifunctional additives that have been widely used in both automotive and industrial oils for many years. However, a wide variety of ashless phosphorus-containing additives are used in the lubricant industry. As with the metal-containing dithiophosphates, they have been in use over a long period and, despite considerable research into alternative chemistries, the basic structures introduced in the 1930s are still used today. In contrast, the technology of most other additive types and that of the base stocks themselves have steadily developed over this time. Many different types of phosphorus-containing molecules have been examined as additives for lubricating oils, with most attention given to their potential as antiwear (AW) and extreme- pressure (EP) additives.
Consequently, the patent literature contains a host of references to different struc tures displaying this characteristic. However, regardless of composition, all the additives used in this application serve the same and specifc function of bringing phosphorus into contact with the metal surface, where it can be adsorbed and, under certain conditions, react. The resulting surface flm improves the lubrication properties of both mineral and synthetic oils. This chapter discusses the use of chemicals that contain only phosphorus to improve the performance characteristics of oils, specifcally neutral and acid phosphates, phosphites and phos phonates, and the amine salts of the acids (see chart below).
These are the principal types of phosphorus compounds in current commercial use, but other types have also been examined and claimed in the patent literature, for example, phos phoramidates. There are also ashless compounds in which sulfur or chlorine has been incorporated into the molecule as, for example, in thiophosphates and chlorinated phosphates. These are, however, outside the scope of this discussion, but the performance of mixtures of compounds separately containing phosphorus and sulfur or chlorine will be mentioned. In addition to examining the impact of ashless phosphorus compounds on lubrication performance, this article also looks at their performance as antioxidants, rust inhibitors, and metal passivators. Additionally, their polar nature makes them good solvents and assists the solution of other additives in nonpolar base stocks. The versatility displayed by phosphorus-containing additives is such that usage of these products continues to grow nearly half a century after their introduction, and they fnd application in the latest technological developments
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